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- [ Note: This series of articles was found on Compuserve and downloaded
- from HAMNET there on 21 July 1985 by Dwight Ernest KA2CNN 70210,523. ]
-
- An Introduction to networks
- by T.C. McDermott, N5EG
- networks SIG, TPRS
- [ part 1 ]
-
- This article is an introduction to the subject of a packet network.
- It describes what a network is, why a network is necessary to support
- amateur packet radio activity, and considerations that govern how a
- network may be constructed. There are many ways that a network can be
- designed, and it is beyond the scope of this article to elucidate them
- all. Rather, this article will focus on the simplifing assumptions that
- may be made in describing a network, and more specifically will
- concentrate on some suggestions for the Texas Packet Radio Society
- network which is called "TEXNET".
-
- Most of us are familiar with packet radio activity through our
- operations with the TAPR TNC board. This board implements what is
- called a "Local Area Network", or LAN for short. When we wish to
- communicate, we ask our TNC to CONNECT to another station. If that
- station is not within range of our transmitter, then we may connect to
- that station through a digi-peater, or through several digipeaters.
- This is a convienent extension of the X.25 protocol, and forms a large
- part of the difference between X.25 and the amateur version called
- AX.25.
-
- It would be possible to construct a network of stations that are
- all within range of the next station, and then to connect to any station
- in the network using this digipeat method, up to 8 stations distant.
- This would not require the extension of any of the TAPR software, nor
- would it require the development of any new hardware. Why then is this
- not an acceptable method to construct a network? Basically this method,
- although simple to implement has a serious flaw, it lacks "robustness".
- That is, the method fails to support adequate communications in the
- presence of a radio path that is not perfect. Secondly, it assures
- communications integrity through a method known as "end- to-end ACK".
-
- To understand this, it is necessary to understand how a TAPR
- digipeater works. The TAPR digipeater is a "dumb" digipeater. That is
- - the digipeater does not understand anything about the state of the two
- stations that are trying to communicate to each other through it. When
- one station wishes to connect to another station through a digipeater,
- it simply adds the digipeater's address in series with the address field
- of each and every packet. When the digipeater recognizes it's callsign,
- it repeats the packet. The digipeater does not know what kind of packet
- is being digipeated, and does not really care. The packet could be a
- call-request packet, or user-data, or an acknowledge packet, it really
- doesn't matter, it digipeats them all, blindly. Why is this important?
- Because it affects how the transmission and acknowledgment of data is
- handled between the two end stations trying to communicate with each
- other.
-
- When the sender, S, tries to send data to the receiver, R, through
- one or more intervening digipeaters, D1, D2, ... , Dn, it does this as
- follows:
-
- S : sends a packet
- D1: digipeats packet
- D2: digipeats packet
- R : receives packet,
- R : sends acknowledge back
- D2: digipeats acknowledge
- D1: digipeats acknowledge
- S : receives acknowledge,
- S : sends next packet.
-
- Although there can be several packets sent per acknowledge, it
- requires that a packet, and the acknowledge (ACK) make the round-trip
- from the sender to the receiver. Thus, the more digipeaters, the longer
- the round-trip time, and the lower the packet throughput.
-
- The above example assumed that there were no errors in the
- transmission. What happens if one of the packets and one of the
- acknowldeges is corrupted during transmission?
-
- S : sends packet
- D1: digipeats packet
- D2: doesn't hear packet from D1, so doesn't do anything
- S : still waiting for ACK from the receiver
- S : still waiting for ACK from the receiver
- S : still waiting for ACK from the receiver
- S : still waiting for ACK from the receiver
- S : still waiting for ACK from the receiver
- S : times out waiting for ACK, and re-transmits packet
- D1: digipeats the packet
- D2: digipeats the packet
- R : receives the packet,
- R : sends ACK back to sender
- D2: digipeats the ACK
- D1: doesn't hear packet from D2, so doesn't do anything
- S : still waiting for ACK from the receiver
- S : times out waiting for ACK, and re-transmits packet
- D1: digipeats the packet
- D2: digipeats the packet
- R : receives the packet, but it's a duplicate - throw away
- R : sends ACK back to sender
- D2: digipeats the ACK
- D1: digipeats the ACK
- S : receives the ACK,
- S : sends the next packet
-
- How long did this take? About 25 packet times. The situation gets
- worse when 8 digipeaters are chained together. In fact with 8
- digipeaters the round-trip time reduces the channel throughput by a
- factor of approximately 16 (8 hops to R, and 8 hops for the acknowledge
- to come back) if there are no channel errors. If the probability that
- any single transmission is corrupted is about 70 percent, then with 8
- hops the average round trip will take about 1000 packet times. In other
- words, nothing will get through.
-
- Why is the TAPR TNC built this way you might ask? For a very good
- reason - simplicity. To build a digipeater that behaves in a more
- coordinated fashion turns out to be a very complicated problem. The
- TAPR digipeater extension is far superior to the other alternative - no
- digipeater at all. The TAPR digipeater is elegantly simple, and a
- reliable way to improve the communications between two stations that are
- reasonably close, but not able to communicate directly. We have seen
- that one or two digipeaters may not degrade the throughput terribly,
- provided that the RF paths are highly reliable. Thus the digipeater
- solution may be called an LAN solution. That is, it is an acceptable
- network for small numbers of digipeaters, and high-quality circuits. A
- single digipeater in a superior location allows many stations within the
- coverage area of the digipeater to communicate. But the digipeater is
- not an acceptable solution when the need is to communicate over long
- distances, and with less than high-quality communications circuits.
-
- Thus is born the requirement for a NETWORK. This will be discussed
- in the next article of this series.
-